American Realities with Bill Youngs
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      • Table of Contents
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      • Prologue: The South Pacific, 1943 >
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      • Volume One >
        • The Native Americans
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        • Testing the Constitution
        • Republican Nationalism
        • The Limits of Jacksonian Democracy
        • Abolitionists and Anti-abolitionists
        • Texas Revolution
        • Reform in the Early Republic
        • Manifest Destiny
        • A Slave's Story
        • The Civil War >
          • Two Soldiers
      • Volume Two >
        • The “Taming” of the West
        • Beyond Emancipation
        • The New Industrial Era
        • The Birth of Environmentalism
        • New Immigrants
        • Expanding American Democracy
        • World War I
        • Modernity versus Tradition
        • The New Deal
        • Total War
        • The Cold War
        • The Civil Rights Movement
        • Turmoil on the Campuses
        • The New Computer Age
        • America, the Cold War, and Beyond
      • Additional Essays >
        • Norsemen in the New World
    • The Fair and the Falls >
      • Part I: Possessing the Falls >
        • Chapter One: James Glover: Purchasing the Falls
        • Chapter Two: Waiting for the Indians
        • Chapter Three: Harnessing the Falls
        • Chapter Four: "The World's Fair of the Northwest"
        • Chapter Five: The City Beside the Falls
      • Part II: Rediscovering the Falls >
        • Chapter Six: The Twilight of Old Spokane
        • Chapter Seven: Urban Blight and Urban Renewal
        • Chapter Eight: King Cole and The Heart of a City
        • Chapter Nine: Visualizing a World's Fair
      • Part III Redesigning the Falls >
        • Chapter Ten: From Spokane to Paris >
          • Tom Foley's Turn
        • Chapter Eleven: Wooing the Foreign Exhibitors
        • Chapter Twelve: Wooing the Domestic Exhibitors
        • Chapter Thirteen: The Environmental Debate
        • Chapter Fourteen: Building the Fair
        • Chapter Fifteen: Marketing, Money, and Management
      • Part IV: The Fair by the Falls >
        • Chapter Sixteen: Opening Day
        • Chapter Seventeen: A Mingling of Peoples
        • Chapter Eighteen: Days at the Fair
        • Chapter Nineteen: The Press of New Ideas
        • Chapter Twenty: The Final Tally
      • Part V: An American Environment >
        • Chapter Twenty-One: Spokane Falls, An American Environment
      • The Fair and the Falls Map

Would Henry David Thoreau have "Scored" an iPhone 5s?

9/22/2013

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...on the first day they were available near Walden Pond?

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Thoreau Contemplates an iPhone 5s near Walden Pond
Photo by Bill Youngs

Is technology the friend or the enemy of the humanities? Of course, there are all sorts of "it depends" for this question. Which technologies? Which humanities? Which goals? But for this post, I'll keep it simple.

This past Friday I arose at 5:00 in the morning -- for me an ungodly hour -- at my lodging by Walden Pond, ate a quick breakfast, and set out in my rental car for the nearby Natick Mall. This was the morning that the latest and greatest iPhone was about to go on sale and I was determined to have one. But Henry David Thoreau was very much on my mind as I waited... and waited and waited in line for an iPhone 5s, complete with, gulp, fingerprint reading capabilities. Was I forgetting Thoreau's great pronouncement on living well, "Simplify, Simplify," and his warning against misplaced ambitions, "The majority of men live lives of quiet desperation"? 

Well, no. Read on.

Back at Walden Pond, as the proud owner of a new iPhone, I began compiling a list of Thoreau's pronouncements that accorded well with my enthusiasm for new technologies. Herewith some gleanings from Walden: or Life in the Woods written more than 150 years ago:

Thoreau: "I say, beware of all enterprises that require new clothes." (Walden, Chapter 1)

-- Response: I wore old blue jeans for my journey to the Natick Mall to purchase my iPhone. Of the roughly 150 other persons in line none appeared to be wearing "new clothes."

Thoreau: Little is to be expected of that day, if it can be called a day, to which we are not awakened by our Genius, but by the mechanical nudgings of some servitor, are not awakened by our own newly acquired force and aspirations from within, accompanied by the undulations of celestial music, instead of factory bells, and a fragrance filling the air — to a higher life than we fell asleep from; and thus the darkness bear its fruit, and prove itself to be good, no less than the light." (Walden, Chapter 2)

-- .Response: Acquiring a new smartphone can certainly be occasioned by "aspirations from within." At least that's how it felt to me.

Thoreau: "Books are the treasured wealth of the world and the fit inheritance of generations and nations. Books, the oldest and the best, stand naturally and rightfully on the shelves of every cottage." (Walden, Chapter 3)

-- Response: And books "stand" too among the digital files on every smartphone -- including a file for Walden, of course. 

Thoreau: "I have, as it were, my own sun and moon and stars, and a little world all to myself." (Walden, Chapter 5)

-- Response: Surely he was thinking of the "little world" within an iPhone 5s! (See below.)

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Thoreau's "Hut" and His iPhone 5s
Photo by Bill Youngs
Click here and see more entries on the American Realities blog.
(You know you want to!)

               This current post is one of a growing number of historically-themed entries on americanrealities.com. To see a list of other posts, click on the link above.
               If you enjoyed this post on Thoreau, you may want to read this entry on swimmers at Walden Pond:
Swimmers at Walden Pond: Henry David Thoreau and his Successors


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Swimmers at Walden Pond: Henry David Thoreau and his Successors

9/19/2013

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I awakened before dawn this morning in Concord, Massachusetts -- and the pond beckoned. At this very moment swimmers would already be criss-crossing Walden, and in one cove perhaps the very spirit of Henry David Thoreau would be walking down from the site of his cabin to the cove where he would swim again. Time to get up and walk beside the pond.

Walden Pond is the most famous pond in the world, and rightly so. Thoreau's two-year stay here in 1845-1847 led him to write Walden; or Life in the Woods, one of the classics of American literature. And Walden today is every bit as lovely as it was more than a century-and-a-half ago, perhaps even more beautiful because back then wood-choppers were at work leveling the pond-side forests Thoreau so loved.

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Thoreau's Cabin from Title Page of Walden, 1854

Few places in America can rival Walden Pond for stimulation from a natural setting and the words associated with that setting. John Muir's Yosemite comes to mind as another such locale. But they are rare and special.

When I walked down the hill to Walden Pond this morning, the sun had just risen, a lovely orb shining through the mist over the hills at the far side of the water. Or so I thought. But as I gained a better view of the "sun," it occurred to me that it looked a lot like the moon. It was early, and my faculties were still adjusting to yesterday's flight from the West Coast, but it soon occurred to me that this "sun" was rising from the west, not the east. Ergo, my sunrise was actually a moonset. It also dawned on me, so to speak, that the moon was setting a lot faster than the sun had dropped the night before. More cogitation.... Oh, the moon, unlike the sun, moves around the earth, and so as our planet was rotating to the east, the moon was circling  around to the west. Ergo again, I did not have much time to get my camera shot. This is how the pond looked at moonset, with mist raising over the water. In the next few moments the moon would be gone.
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Dawn and Moonset Over Walden Pond -- Photos here and below by Bill Youngs

At the pond's edge I saw a half dozen men and women preparing to swim or already in the water.  In a moment we'll look at the patterns they made across the pond, but first let's explore what Thoreau himself said about swimming in Walden. 
Every morning was a cheerful invitation to make my life of equal simplicity, and I may say innocence, with Nature herself. I have been as sincere a worshipper of Aurora as the Greeks. I got up early and bathed in the pond; that was a religious exercise, and one of the best things which I did. They say that characters were engraven on the bathing tub of King Tching Thang to this effect: "Renew thyself completely each day; do it again, and again, and forever again." ,,, The morning, which is the most memorable season of the day, is the awakening hour. Then there is least somnolence in us; and for an hour, at least, some part of us awakes which slumbers all the rest of the day and night. Little is to be expected of that day, if it can be called a day, to which we are not awakened by our Genius, but by the mechanical nudgings of some servitor, are not awakened by our own newly acquired force and aspirations from within, accompanied by the undulations of celestial music, instead of factory bells, and a fragrance filling the air — to a higher life than we fell asleep from; and thus the darkness bear its fruit, and prove itself to be good, no less than the light.

On the morning of September 19, 2013, at the very end of the summer, most swimmers were wearing wet suits.
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Swimmers glided beneath the clouds of mist over the pond.
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With dawn they appeared to be swimming in a field of gold.
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On the shore an egret watched with interest.
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And at a corner of the lake known as "Thoreau's Cove" no one was swimming -- unless one of those wisps of mist was Henry David himself.
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The calendar said summer, but these leaves said Autumn is coming soon and winter with its pond ice -- swim while you can!
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In order to visit these scenes in motion and with sound go to the accompanying YouTube video at:
-- Walden Morning
As evidence of just how cold Walden can become in the winter here are two videos I posted on YouTube a another season:
-- Walden Winter Swimmer: Erec Sanders 
-- Snow Falling at Walden Pond

Click here and see more entries on the American Realities blog...
(You know you want to!)


               This current post is one of a growing number of historically-themed entries on americanrealities.com. To see a list of other posts, click on the link above.
               If you enjoyed this post on Walden Pond swimmers, then and now, you want to read this post on Herman Melville and the Seattle Waterfront:
                    -- "Ocean Reveries" in Herman Melville's Manhattan and Today's Seattle
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On the Road with History 498: "The History of the American National Parks"

9/12/2013

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One of the courses I teach at Eastern Washington University is a history of the American National Parks. I also teach a course called "The History of the American Wilderness." I expect to work up material from both of those courses for my American Realities blog -- as well as developing entirely new wilderness-related subjects. While working on, I have travelled by RV and motorcycle about 15,000 miles during the past two years. One of my on-line, on-the-road presentations for the course provides much of the material that follows in this blog post. The basic topic is a little photo essay on teaching a parks course while on the road.
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Photo by Larry Conboy

In preparing and teaching History 498: "The History of the National Parks" I have now traveled about 15,000 miles by RV and motorcycle taking pictures, making films, and interviewing men and women at the parks. My goal is to bring students in the class closer to the parks through "Fireside Talks" growing out of these travels. Whenever possible I will post material for the course in a natural setting. I thought you might like to have a little glance at my two companions on the trip: "Swoop," my Can-Am Spyder motorcycle, and "Spirit," my RV. In the first photo here I am posed in a national park.... No, I'd better tell the truth. I'm in a little park, or garden if you prefer, right beside Showalter Hall. Larry Conboy, Eastern Washington University photographer, took this picture. Larry coaxed me on this jaunty pose where I have one leg crossed over the other. It looks like I rule the world doesn't it?! But I must admit, during times when swoop and I were riding beside 1000-foot cliffs, on curvy roads, with no guard rail, that jaunty look was replaced by something more like a look of sheer terror! Of course, Swoop himself would never admit to being frightened. Just look at his eyes: don't they say, "I'm bad"!?

This picture below shows Swoop enjoying a moment of repose at Point Reyes National Seashore.
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Photo by Bill Youngs

I was camped near Yosemite one weekend, and I took several "scoots" on Swoop to film the sites. Here below is one of the most famous of all: Half Dome in Yosemite.

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Photo by Bill Youngs

On Sunday Swoop and I visited another Yosemite landmark, this one famed for the environmental battle that John Muir lost -- some say the defeat killed the great visionary of the national parks. Yes, that is Hetch Hetchy Dam.

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Photo by Bill Youngs

When I'm not riding Swoop, I'm driving Spirit, our "mother ship." It is not only my home on the road, but also my office on the road. As I write this I am in Spirit at my computer with a good wifi connection. I took the photo below at Olmsted Point as I drove through the park. You don't see my motorcycle Swoop, of course, because he is in the trailer -- or as we prefer to call it, "his stable."

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Photo by Bill Youngs

From Olmsted Point in Yosemite National Park I took this picture of the mountains looking down past Lake Tenaya.

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Photo by Bill Youngs

Consider those images a "teaser" for blog entries to come. The film below is another teaser, done originally as an introduction to my on-line course on the National Parks during the fall of 2012. In the opening shot at Cape Disappointment State Park in Washington, the challenge was to film myself (using a tripod of course) without stumbling over those logs. It took about a half hour to set up the shot. Most of the film consists of movies and still shots I made in the parks during several months of travel. Lots of "grist" for future posts on the American wilderness....

Film Illustrating Themes in "The History of the American National Parks"


View more entries on the American Realities blog...
(You know you want to!)


               This current post is one of a growing number of historically-themed entries on americanrealities.com. To see a list of other posts, click here.
               If you enjoyed this post on 9/11 and Columbus, you may want to read these posts on environmental history:
                    -- New York's Central Park: A Wilderness?
                    -- Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge, Resplendent in Greens and Yellows


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Attacks on the United States: Remembering Osama bin Laden and Pancho Villa

9/10/2013

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Cartoon drawn by Sam Berryman the Washington Star – Wikipedia Commons
Uncle Sam is chasing Pancho Villa into Mexico and saying, “”I’ve had about enough of this.”

During the past 198 years since the Battle of New Orleans, the continental United States has suffered foreign invasions only twice. Most recently, of course, the nation endured attacks on New York City and Washington D.C., on September 11, 2001, in a terrorist attack master-minded by Osama bin Ladin. The previous attack on the United States was planned and executed in person by Pancho Villa, the Mexican revolutionary, who crossed the border and laid waste to Columbus, New Mexico, on June 9, 1916. The similarities and differences between the two episodes are fascinating and instructive – especially in the way that we remember each: Osama is the epitome of the arch-villain, while Pancho, wonder of wonders, has emerged as a kind of folk hero.

1. Comparing the attacks

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New York City, September 11, 2001

In each case the attack was a complete surprise. The Americans who gathered around their televisions on the morning of 9/11 were no more shocked by the news that day than Americans reading their newspapers decades before had been on June 9, 1916. In each case, the impossible had happened: the American homeland had been attacked by a foreign foe.  The loss of life was far greater during the attacks of 2001: almost 3000 died during 9/11 including the 19 perpetrators and those who were killed when a fourth hijacked plane crashed in Pennsylvania. In contrast, only eighteen Americans died when Villa attacked Columbus – eight soldiers at a small army post in town and ten civilians. About one hundred Villistas died in the attack. In neither case was the destruction tactically significant. Neither the loss of the World Trade Center and damage to the Pentagon, nor the destruction of four blocks of Columbus, New Mexico, impaired the fighting strength of the United States. In contrast, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, was devastating to national security. But both Columbus and 9/11 led to righteous indignation and prompt retaliation.

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Columbus< New Mexico, shortly after Pancho Villa's attack of June 9, 19166

2. Comparing the perpetrators

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Osama bin Laden

In varying degrees there was confusion as to who actually orchestrated the Columbus and 9/11 attacks, unlike the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese planes with Japanese insignia. In that case, there was no doubt as to the identity of the enemy. The stories of Columbus and 9/11 are murkier.

Pancho Villa was there in person at Columbus, leading 500 men into battle. But who was Pancho Villa? By reading about the events of the Mexican Revolution, which had been going on since 1910, Americans knew the names of some of the revolutionary leaders including Emiliano Zapata, Venustiano Carranza, and Pancho Villa. But control of the revolution was constantly shifting. At the time of the Columbus raid, Villa had lost several battles in the civil war that occurred within the revolution. But when the United States intervened, then-President Carranza supported Villa to the extend of asking the United States to withdraw. Mexico did not exactly attack the United States, but the government did not entirely repudiate the raid.

The responsibility for 9/11 was even murkier. We soon knew that Osama bin Laden was the mastermind – he announced it himself.  But who were the eighteen men who hijacked the planes that did the damage? Many Americans thought back in 2002 that Iraqis were to blame, and many still hold that mistaken belief. But we now know than none of the hijackers were Iraqis: fourteen were from Saudi Arabia, and the others from Lebanon, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates. Neither attack on the United States was orchestrated by a foreign state.

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Photo by Bill Youngs
Statue of Pancho Villa at Grave Site in Chihuahua, Mexico

3. Comparing the Interventions

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“Auto Truck Suply [sic] Train About to Leave for Mexico” – Wikipedia Commons

Since neither of these attacks was carried out by a nation state, like the acts of aggression in Europe and Asia prior to World War II, it would be difficult after both Columbus and 9/11 to form a measured response. The United States mounted a “Punitive Expedition” into Mexico led by Gen. John J. “Black Jack” Pershing with orders to capture Villa and prevent further raids while acting “with scrupulous regard to the sovereignty of Mexico” – a contradiction in terms if ever there was one! The American soldiers drove deep into Mexico and fought pitched battles with Villiastas, but never encountered Pancho Villa himself. After nine months the Americans withdrew, in part because of the difficulty of hunting Villa on his own ground, and in part because of official Mexican opposition to American troops on Mexican soil. Additiionally, the army had “bigger fish to fry.” In 1917 the United States entered the First World War. General Pershing was soon leading from a palace headquarters in France instead of a canvas tent in Mexico. Pancho Villa survived for six more years until 1923 when he was killed by assassins in Chihuahua.

The response to 9/11 was even more politically charged since the attack was not launched from a foreign country and was not the work of the citizens of a particular country. While most of the terrorists were Saudis the United States did not blame Saudi Arabia for the attack or consider invading Saudi Arabia in retaliation. The country went to war first in Afghanistan because its Taliban government gave sanctuary to al Qaeda operatives including Osama bin Laden himself. The United States next invaded Iraq on the largely discredited argument that Iraq was a hotbed of al Qaeda activity and had large stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction.. The focus of retaliation came back to Osama bin Laden when on May 1, 2011, he was tracked down in Pakistan and killed by Navy seals.

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American Forces Prepare to Invade Iraq, 2003

4. Comparing Pancho Villa and Osama bin Laden in American Memory

The parallels between these two episodes are striking until we come to the historical aftermath of each. Pancho Villa has entered into the historical imagination of not only Mexicans, but also of many Americans as a kind of folk hero.  While travelling in Mexico several years ago, gathering information about Pershing and Villa, I found many citizens who regard him as one of Mexico’s great land reformers and as a friend of the people. His statues are ubiquitous. Here is one in Chihuahua:

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Hundreds of miles south on a peak overlooking Zacatecas I found this statue. Mexican tourists flocked around it as well. Several shouted “Pancho Viiiiilla” as they arrived in imitation of the pronunciation of his name in a popular movie. One of them kindly took this picture of me, holding up my tripod case in imitation of Villa’s uplifted arm and his gun:

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Here’s a close up of Villa’s face in this statue. Note his joyful look as he enters into battle:

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Photo by Bill Youngs

So Pancho Villa is a hero in Mexico, but what about in the United States? Think about it. His name is everywhere: in the names of restaurants, menu items, taquilla bottles. (I’ve even seen a “Pancho Villa Mexican Restaurant” in Helsinki, Finland!) Just now, Google brought me to a restaurant chain in southern California called: “Pancho Villa’s Mexican Grill and Entertainment.” The web site includes a link for “Pancho Villa’s Story.” Here we learn: “Pancho Villa is considered by many to be the most widely known Mexican throughout the world. He is seen as a Robin Hood and a hero of the revolution.” I read on through a multi-paragraph account of his career, generally well written. Then I came to this paragraph, also true:

“Villa financed his army by stealing cattle herds in northern Mexico and selling them north of the border, where he found plenty of American businessmen willing to sell him guns and bullets. Villa became a sort of folk hero in the U.S. Even Hollywood filmmakers and U.S. newspaper photographers flocked to Northern Mexico to record his battles–many of which were staged for the cameras.”

By now I was waiting eager to see how this little history would “spin” Villa’s attack on Columbus, New Mexico. But that was all. The next subheading reads “Mariachi Music.”

So even among admirers of Pancho Villa, some have difficulty explaining his little invasion of the United States. What would folks say about Villa in Columbus itself, we might wonder? Here is the greatest surprise of all. In Columbus there is a state park telling the story of the raid. One might expect it to be called, “Gen. Pershing State Park” or even “The Punitive Expedition State Park.” But no – and Pancho must be smiling his big smile about this – it is Pancho Villa State Park!

There is a lot more to be said about this, about the strange ways we do or do not celebrate past events, but I will leave those ruminations to future AmericanRealities blog posts. In the mean time, if you anticipate a Pancho Villa State Park in Manhattan during our lifetimes or in generations to come, I have a bridge I'll sell you!

View more entries on the American Realities blog...
(You know you want to!)

                                               
               This current post is one of a growing number of historically-themed entries on americanrealities.com. To see a list of other posts, click here.
               If you enjoyed this post on 9/11 and Columbus, you may want to read these posts on military history:
                    --  Indian Pow Wows in Spokane: Past and Present (2) - The Nez Perce War
                   --  “Come on, you sons of bitches, do you want to live forever?!” (Battle of Bois Belleau, World War I)
                    -- Memories of the Lafayette Escadrille at the American Cathedral in Paris
                    -- Hiroshima, 68 Years Later
                   -- Uncle William Wheeler at Gettysburg

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“Oh! The Joy!” --  Sublime Moments in American History

9/8/2013

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The Lewis and Clark Expedition and Washington’s Crossing(s) of the Delaware

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Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia
Painting by Charles Marion Russell, 1905, Wikimedia Commons

One of my favorite moments in American history is embodied in a simple phrase recorded by William Clark in 1805 shortly after he and the Corps of Discovery reached the Pacific: “Ocean in view! Oh! The joy!” In truth, they were then camped beside Gray’s Bay, estuary of the ocean, reaching up the Columbia River, not on the open Pacific. But the fundamental point remains. After two years of hard travel across inland America, the Lewis and Clark Expedition had reached salt water.

There were many reasons to rejoice at that moment. They were the first to cross the continent through American territory to the crest of the Rockies. They accomplished the task without hostilities with any Native American peoples. They lost only one man during the crossing.  They gathered valuable information about the flora , fauna, and geological features along the way. And then in a single moment their success was assured. Making the event even more wondrous, as if in confirmation of the kinship they had experienced on the crossing, the expedition members voted together on November 24, 1805, in deciding where to locate their winter camp. In this case the “they” was not only free white males, as was the customary electorate in the United States at that time, but it included the Indian woman Sacajawea and William Clark’s slave, York. In their moment of triumph, they set an example in democracy not known to the nation as a whole until more than a century later.

Reflecting on William Clark’s phrase, I have decided to compile a list of other “Oh! The Joy!” moments in American history, and herewith a preliminary list of qualifications: 

“Oh! The Joy” Moments in American History -- A Preliminary Definition

1) The “Oh! The Joy!” moment should be just that, a moment. America’s recovery from the Great Depression was a wonderful development, but it did not manifest itself in a single, joyful moment.

2) The moment can, none the less, be the result of months , even years, of planning as long as the fruition of that planning comes  in a single, epic event.

3) The moment should bring glad feelings. Other kinds of sudden developments may entail sorrow even tragedy, but they are certainly not “Oh! The Joy!” moments. One thinks, for example, of the events of September 11,  2001.

To explore this subject further, let’s look at another sublime moment in American history: George Washington’s crossing the Delaware.

Crossing the Delaware – Twice 

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Washington Crossing the Delaware
Emmanuel Leutze, 1851, Wikimedia Commons

In 1776 the United States declared Independence from Britain and almost lost the Revolutionary War to Britain. Early in the year George Washington took command of the continental army, forming outside of Boston. During his early weeks on the scene he successfully imposed military discipline on a poorly organized crowd of soldiers already assembled there, and he forced the British to withdraw from Boston. Afterwards he moved the army to New York City, where he suffered defeat after defeat. The British won victories at Long Island, Manhattan, and White Plains. He was forced to abandon New York and move most of his army across the Hudson River to New Jersey.

In retreat George Washington left behind in Manhattan several thousand American soldiers at Fort Washington, named of course for the general. He thought they could withstand any British assault. In a chapter on “The Continental Army in the Year of Independence” published in American Realities, I wrote this description:

Fort Washington, the last American stronghold on Manhattan, was on a high cliff over the Hudson, surrounded on all but the river side by the British. Washington believed that the position was indefensible but was persuaded by his subordinate, Nathanael Greene, that it could be held. On November 16 he watched in despair from the opposite shore as his fears were realized. The outer works of the fort were too extensive to be held by the 2,800 men left in Manhattan. They were easily overwhelmed, and the defenders retreated into the fort itself. But it was small and impossibly crowded, and at the day’s end the situation was hopeless, and the garrison surrendered. It was the worst defeat of Washington’s career. In addition to losing almost three thousand men, he lost guns, cannon, munitions, and supplies.

Additionally, the loss of Fort Washington was a uniquely personal loss for the general. The episode was not merely a news item he studied in a field report or a remote event on a battlefield he commanded. As the fort was overwhelmed, Washington was on the opposite side of the Hudson River, on the New Jersey Palisades, watching through a telescope. In painful detail he could see Americans overwhelmed, finally surrendering or falling to the sword. Following the losses of the previous months, this was simply too much. Washington turned away and began to weep, in the words of one historian, “with the tenderness of a child.” This was no weakness on the commander’s part; rather it indicates one of his strengths. Washington could care deeply, intimately, about his men, even while dealing with larger, impersonal questions of conducting the war.

Forced out of New York, the Continental Army retreated ignominiously across  New Jersey and over the Delaware River to temporary safety in Pennsylvania. In the mean time, the army had dwindled to a few thousand soldiers with Washington, and the remaining men were cold, hungry, and often sick. With no effort at cheap theatrics Washington confessed, at this time, that he considered retreating  across the Appalachian Mountains into the interior to escape the British. “I think the game is pretty near up,” he wrote. “I am wearied to death.” With the plight of the Continental Army in mind, Thomas Paine wrote at this time one of the most powerful phrases in American history:

“These are the times that try men’s souls.”     

            In desperation Washington conceived the bold plan of crossing the Delaware to attack a garrison at Trenton, manned by Hessians, British mercenaries. Again, from American Realities:
On the night of December 25 Washington began to prepare 2,400 men for the crossing of the Delaware. He had assembled a fleet of long, shallow-draft Durham boats, normally used as trading vessels… During the night the temperature dropped and the wind came howling down the valley. Snow fell on the small transports as they made the three-hundred-yard trip across the cold water between hard blocks of ice. But in the early morning of December 26 the army was across and marched over frozen roads to Trenton.

There they surprised the Hessian garrison, sleeping off a Christmas celebration. The enemy tried without success to organize themselves to fend off Washington’s attack, but they surrendered after forty-five minutes. It was a stunning victory. Washington captured a thousand enemy troops and their supplies at the cost of only twelve casualties.

Fearing a British counterattack, Washington took his men and their prisoners back across the Delaware. In a few days his soldiers would complete their one-year enlistments, but Washington persuaded most to stay another six weeks. On December 30 he recrossed the Delaware. This time the British were prepared. General Cornwallis was in the vicinity with six thousand troops. On the night of January 2 the British general camped his men near Washington’s position on Assumpink Creek. Expecting to attack Washington the next day, Cornwallis remarked, “At last we have run down the old fox and will bag him in the morning.”

But his prediction was wrong, for Washington once more eluded the British with a night march. Leaving a few men behind to tend the campfires, the Americans marched past Cornwallis deep into enemy-held territory. On the morning of January 3 they routed the British at Princeton, and Washington watched the retreat with childlike enthusiasm. Sitting astride his horse, he waved his sword and shouted, “It’s a fine fox chase, my boys.”

The victories at Trenton and Princeton gave an enormous boost to American morale. In Europe the New Jersey counterthrust was described by such eminent military experts as Frederick of Prussia as one of the great campaigns of the century. At home in New York, Lydia Minturn Post credited the American success to divine Providence; to “the judgment, skill, and intrepidity” of George Washington; and to the “deep-rooted indignation” of the Patriots who would “do and dare for liberty, or death.” Even an old English observer had to admit that Washington’s successes restored American confidence. “A few days ago,” he said, “they had given up their cause for lost. . . . Now they are all liberty mad again.”

Admittedly, I’ve bent my own rules a bit for an “Oh! The Joy!” moment in American history, because this was really two such moments, each following in quick succession the crossing of the Delaware.  But at the time they would have been experienced as a single event, and certainly the outcome was joyful!


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Eleanor Roosevelt, Lorena Hickok, a Buick Roadster, and a Trip to Quebec

9/5/2013

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Text, Images, a Map, and a Reading
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Soon after becoming First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt joined her friend Lorena Hickok on a vacation trip to Quebec in a sporty Buick Roadster.  Although she was ultimately one of the most beloved and influential women in American history, Eleanor was a reluctant First Lady. 

During the previous decade she had been active in Democratic party politics as well as helping run Todhunter School in New York City. She thrived on an active life, and she feared that her new role would be decorative rather than decisive. First Ladies, for example, had hitherto kept the press at a distance and certainly did not hold press conferences. Early in Franklin Roosevelt’s administration Eleanor turned that custom on its head by holding her own press conferences open only to women reporters. A few days after the inauguration she held one of these meetings - before Franklin's first conference. She greeted the newswomen by sharing with them a box of candies.

One of her most independent-minded acts during her first few months as First Lady was  to take a vacation by automobile with none of the fan fare of her position. Herewith an evocation in three forms of that extraordinary journey. (1) First there follows an excerpt from my book, Eleanor Roosevelt: A Personal and Public Life, describing the journey. (2) Next I’ve embedded a reading of this passage by Donata Peters, taken from her reading of the entire book for Books on Tape. (3) And finally I invite you to follow the journey on a Google map.

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National Archives: Lorena is on the right, Eleanor is second from the left.

1) The Journey as Text: Excerpt from Youngs, Eleanor Roosevelt: A Personal and Public Life, Chapter 8, "First Lady"

Eleanor made herself more accessible to the public than any previous First Lady. But at the same time she fought to preserve a private realm, where she could simply be herself. She refused to be accompanied on her travels by Secret Service agents and insisted on driving her own car without a police escort. The heads of the Secret Service fretted - kidnappers had recently killed Charles Lindbergh's child, and that winter an assassin in Miami had fatally wounded Chicago's Mayor Cermak as he stood beside Franklin. Nonetheless, Eleanor continued to value privacy above safety, and refused protection. Finally. a frustrated Secret Service agent placed a gun on Louis Howe's desk and told him to make the first Lady carry it. Eleanor took the gun, and with Earl Miller's help she learned to shoot it, but there her compliance ended: she carried it unloaded in her glove compartment.

During the summer of 1933 Eleanor tested the bounds of her liberty, as if to determine just how much of her private life she could preserve in her new position. First she purchased a car: not a staid black Lincoln or Cadillac as might befit the First Lady of the land, but a light blue Buick roadster, a sporty convertible with a rumble seat. The car was a whim, to lose herself in the formal persona of President's wife. As if to proclaim her freedom from convention, Eleanor indulged in other whims. She had always wanted to watch the sunrise from Vermont's Mount Mansfield and drive around the Gaspe Peninsula and spend a night in a tourist home. Why not do these things and more? The children had their own summer plans, the White House social season was over, Eleanor was only forty-nine, and life was still an adventure. In this frame of mind she invited Hick to join her in the roadster for three weeks traveling as "ordinary tourists" through New York, New England, and Eastern Canada. The Secret Service was aghast, fearing that the First Lady would be abducted.

That idea amused Eleanor as she and Hick sped north in the convertible with the wind whistling in their ears. Eleanor was nearly six feet tall and Hick weighed nearly 200 pounds. "Where would they hide us?" Eleanor demanded. "They certainly couldn't cram us into the trunk of a car!" As the sun dipped toward the Adirondacks and dusk fell over the forested countryside, they passed a little house with a sign welcoming tourists. "Let's go back and try it," Eleanor said, "I've always wanted to stay in one of those places." The owners - a young couple with a small-baby - were startled to see Mrs. Roosevelt walk through their door. But Eleanor behaved like an ordinary tourist, and the hostess, regaining her composure, showed the guests to an ordinary room, small but spotless. The hot-water system was not fully installed, she explained, and so there was water for only one bath.

     As the sun dipped toward the Adirondacks and dusk fell over the forested countryside, they passed a little house with a sign welcoming tourists. "Let's go back and try it," Eleanor said, "I've always wanted to stay in one of those places."

Alone, Eleanor and Hick argued over who would use the tub. "You're the First Lady, so you get the first bath," said Hick. Eleanor playfully thrust out her long fingers at her friend as if to tickle her into submission. Hick, ticklish but persistent, finally won, and Eleanor bathed. But with her spartan upbringing, she managed to take her bath cold, and Hick found to her surprise that the tap water was still warm. That night before they went to sleep Eleanor read to Hick from one of her favorite books, Stephen Vincent Benet's John Brown's Body.

The next morning they visited John Brown's farm and his grave near Lake Placid. With three weeks to themselves they traveled slowly toward Canada, criss-crossing the Green Mountains of Vermont and the White Mountains of New Hampshire. One evening they found themselves in a small town at the foot of Mount Mansfield. It was pitch black, and the village policeman advised them not to attempt the treacherous mountain road in the dark. But Eleanor was determined to see the sunrise from the top. The roadster whined up the trail in low gear, its headlights falling on trees and then into open space as the car rounded hairpin turns on the way to the Green Mountain Inn and a short night's rest.

A few hours later Eleanor and Hick watched the early morning sunlight that broke over the Atlantic and struck the mountains of northern New England. Atop Mount Mansfield they saw the light catch the mountain peaks and drop slowly into the valleys of the silent wilderness; far to the north they could see Mount Royal in Canada, and to the west Lake Champlain caught the pure light of dawn. To the south, out of sight beyond the horizon, the sun brightened the White House and the Washington Monument, five hundred miles away in space, further still in thought.

The women drove on into Canada, staying at the majestic Chateau Frontenac in the old stone city of Quebec. For the next few days they drove along the south bank of the St. Lawrence on one of the loveliest roads in all of North America. She and Hick ate meals cooked over woodburning stoves, lay under the sun on a warm beach, and swam in the St. Lawrence. America seemed far away, and their anonymity complete. They stopped at a little church by the water, and the village priest invited them to lunch in his rectory. Hearing Eleanor's name he asked her: "Are you any relation to Theodore Roosevelt? I was a great admirer of his."

"Yes," said Eleanor, smiling, "I am his niece."

Eleanor and Hick spent their last night in Canada at a tourist camp in a trim log cabin with a huge stone fireplace. The next day they crossed the border into Maine. For the past few days, Eleanor had delighted in her freedom. She had not been the First Lady of America; she had been an ordinary person - herself. But that must soon end. With the convertible top still down, looking disheveled with white sunburn cream smeared over their faces, they drove into the town of Presque Isle, where to their "horror" a parade awaited them. They were "wind-blown, dusty, and dirty" and Eleanor felt anything but gracious. But she was trapped and fell dutifully into line with the procession that moved slowly down the main street between rows of flag-waving children. A portable traffic standard loomed ahead and a flustered Eleanor clipped it. "Damn," she said. 

     Eleanor had delighted in her freedom. She had not been the First Lady of America; she had been an ordinary person - herself. But that must soon end. With the convertible top still down, looking disheveled with white sunburn cream smeared over their faces, they drove into the town of Presque Isle, where to their "horror" a parade awaited them.

This was the only time Hick ever heard her friend swear. Eleanor may have been surprised at her own profanity, but she managed to drive on through the town. When she realized that a dozen or so cars were still following them, she told Hick, "We've got to get out of this some way." The First Lady then sped around several comers and lost her escort on a country road in the potato fields of Aroostook County. Here they saw a farmhouse with a sign welcoming tourists.

After registering they settled their nerves with a walk and then sat on a porch swing. Soon the farmer appeared and sat on the steps. Eleanor began talking knowledgeably about potato prices and local agricultural conditions. The farmer's wife came out and sat in a rocking chair; as darkness settled over the farm land, the four of them went on talking. Hick sensed the farmer's wowing admiration for Eleanor. At about eleven o'clock they went into the kitchen for a snack of doughnuts and milk. In their room Hick asked Eleanor how she had managed to know so much about farming in Maine. Eleanor explained that she had read a local newspaper; she also gained information from the farmer as she went along: "something I learned to do when I was very young," she said, "to cover my ignorance." She might also have mentioned Franklin's coaching. He had taught her to be a good observer while he was Governor of New York, and he would need her reports even more now that he was President.

After a short visit to Campobello, Eleanor and Hick drove back to Washington. On the night of their return Franklin began a tradition he would observe throughout his Presidency: he dined informally with Eleanor so that she could tell him what she had learned. Hick told him about Eleanor's altercation with the traffic standard, and Franklin's "great, booming laugh" filled the room. Franklin asked about the country they had seen. What was the hunting and fishing like in Quebec, he wondered. How did the people live: what were their houses like, what did they eat, did the Catholic Church control education? And what about Maine: how were the farmers getting along, what had she learned about the Indians? Eleanor answered these questions and others. It was soon apparent to Hick that although Eleanor had relaxed on their vacation, she was constantly registering information for herself and for Franklin, even making mental notes about the state of laundry hanging on clothes lines - any detail that would help them both understand more fully the condition of the nation they served.

In such ways Eleanor brought together her private and her public life, even while touring in a Buick convertible. The vacation had been an escape from Washington, a part of Eleanor's personal life; at the same time it served her public role and her relationship with Franklin. The personal distance between Eleanor and Franklin remained great. He could relax more easily with Missy and Anna than with his wife. In the White House there were rooms enough for the President and First Lady each to have their own suites. When guests came for dinner, they often had cocktails with Franklin or with Eleanor in their separate White House apartments, before coming together for dinner.

2) A reading from the audiobook version of Eleanor Roosevelt -- Click below to hear Donata Peters read this passage:

3) "A Friendly Journey: Eleanor Roosevelt and Lorena Hickok Tour the Northeast" 
          interactive map by Lee Nilsson with text from Eleanor Roosevelt: A Personal and Public Life
(Click the link beneath the map for a larger map with more functionality.)


View A Friendly Journey: Eleanor Roosevelt and Lorena Hickok Tour the Northeast in a larger map


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                    --  Eleanor Roosevelt Tours the South Pacific During World War II




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“Ocean Reveries” in Herman Melville’s Manhattan and Today’s Seattle

9/3/2013

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A Photo Essay on the Resonance of Past and Present
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All Photos by Bill Youngs

One of my favorite sections of Moby Dick occurs long before Harman Melville introduces us to Queequeg or Capt. Ahab or Moby Dick himself. In fact, the passage occupies the second, third, and fourth paragraphs of the book and introduces us to the real protagonist, the sea itself. Melville describes a scene in Manhattan that he must have seen hundreds of times, and which I saw reeanacted, so to speak, in Seattle yesterday evening. In chapter one, “Loomings,” Melville writes:
 
There now is your insular city of the Manhattoes, belted round by wharves as Indian isles by coral reefs- commerce surrounds it with her surf. Right and left, the streets take you waterward. Its extreme downtown is the battery, where that noble mole is washed by waves, and cooled by breezes, which a few hours previous were out of sight of land. Look at the crowds of water-gazers there.

Circumambulate the city of a dreamy Sabbath afternoon. Go from Corlears Hook to Coenties Slip, and from thence, by Whitehall, northward. What do you see?- Posted like silent sentinels all around the town, stand thousands upon thousands of mortal men fixed in ocean reveries. Some leaning against the spiles; some seated upon the pier-heads; some looking over the bulwarks of ships from China; some high aloft in the rigging, as if striving to get a still better seaward peep. But these are all landsmen; of week days pent up in lath and plaster- tied to counters, nailed to benches, clinched to desks. How then is this? Are the green fields gone? What do they here?

But look! here come more crowds, pacing straight for the water, and seemingly bound for a dive. Strange! Nothing will content them but the extremest limit of the land; loitering under the shady lee of yonder warehouses will not suffice. No. They must get just as nigh the water as they possibly can without falling And there they stand- miles of them- leagues. Inlanders all, they come from lanes and alleys, streets avenues- north, east, south, and west. Yet here they all unite.

What I saw in Seattle yesterday evening echoed what Melville saw in New York City more than a century-and-a-half ago, to wit:

1. “Belted round by wharves as Indian isles by coral reefs- commerce surrounds it with her surf…”

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2. “Look at the crowds of water-gazers there.”

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3. "Posted like silent sentinels all around the town, stand thousands upon thousands of mortal men fixed in ocean reveries."

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4. “…some high aloft in the rigging, as if striving to get a still better seaward peep.”

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Click below for a reading of the final paragraph:
All right, I had to cheat a bit on those last three photos. That’s not the rigging on a tall ship, and those folk, barely seen in the cars, were hoisted aloft by mechanics, not by muscle. But the principle is the same, and that is the point. Walking the Seattle waterfront at dusk on Labor Day, 2013, I sensed a kinship with those men and women described by Melville in old Manhattan. We are animated by the same impulse, a love for the sea, both as symbol and as reality of something grand, luminous, and numinous in our natural world.

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Indian Pow Wows in Spokane: Past and Present (3) – Indians at Expo ‘74

9/2/2013

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Photo by BY
A few days ago Spokane hosted the “Northwest Indian Encampment. Market and Pow Wow." The event was a reminder of other moments  in the early history of Spokane. In previous posts I described the way that whites and Indians took turns dancing at celebrations such as Independence Day during the 1870s and the frightening native American drumming at Spokane during the Nez Perce War (1877). In both of these stories I excerpted sections from my book, The Fair and the Falls: Spokane’s Expo ’74. Another segment of the book resonates with the recent encampment: an interview with Native American dancer, Spokane Indian David Brown Eagle, done for the book about twenty years ago. (Expo ’74, by the way, was the first world’s fair in which Indians were in charge of planning their own fair exhibit.)

THE DANCER

(from The Fair and the Falls, Chapter Seventeen, “A Mingling of Peoples”)

David Brown Eagle, whose mother was a Spokane, was one of the participants at Native American's Earth. He grew up on the Blackfoot and Colville reservations, and he remembered childhood trips to Spokane. "We'd come here to shop, say, for Christmas, and down by the water, where Expo was, I remember we'd park under the train trestle. We'd walk through the Skid Road area. It was really, really ugly."

As he grew up, one of the important influences in his life was his grandmother, who was in tum raised among Indians who remembered when the white men first settled Spokane. "There's going to be a time," she told her grandson, "they're going to come, and they're going to take your horse, they're going to take your land, and they're going to take your home. But Grandson, whatever you want to give from here (indicating her heart), they can't take that away. You can only give it up." Raised among people who had indeed lost horses, homes, and land to the whites-land that included the Spokane Falls-Brown Eagle's grandmother could speak these words with authority. (135)

"There's going to be a time," she told her grandson, "they're going to come, and they're going to take your horse, they're going to take your land, and they're going to take your home. But Grandson, whatever you want to give from here (indicating her heart), they can't take that away. You can only give it up."

In an interview at his Gonzaga University office, Brown Eagle explained what native dances meant to him. When he was six years old, his father began taking him to powwows. "One day he asked me if I wanted to dance. I said sure, and I figured, well, I don't have anything to wear, so I probably won't have to dance. So that evening he came into my grandmother's teepee, and he had all these bits and pieces of different outfits that the relatives offered him so I could dance. And it was really a touching experience for me. There was my father; he was talking about the dance; he was talking about the importance of it, and the different relatives had loaned him the bells and gave him this and gave him that, and pretty soon I had this outfit. Okay, I went out and danced for the first time."

When he was in high school, Brown Eagle and several friends liked to attend powwows. Accompanied by drums, they would dance "until the sun was coming up." Dancing was a spiritual experience. Each object in the regalia had meaning. As Brown Eagle put on bits and pieces of his costume, each would bring back memories. "It's kind of like a story time within your own head." Whenever he began to dance he was prepared, just as a good runner is ready for a race.

You don't sit around all week and then run on a weekend. You train for it. I don't sit around all week and dance on Friday. No, what I do, I train during the week, not for the dance but for my body so when I go to a powwow, and I dance, it's like, wow, man, it feels good! 

The whole process is to offer prayers through the songs, through the dance and to recharge, reenergize and get rid of a lot of excess baggage or garbage we may pick up during the year. Early morning of that last night before the sunlight, it's an exciting time because everybody knows the sacrifice, if you will, is complete. The songs were sung, the dances were danced, the words were spoken, the prayers were offered. It's really a beautiful, strong spiritual experience. 

The whole process is to offer prayers through the songs, through the dance and to recharge, reenergize and get rid of a lot of excess baggage or garbage we may pick up during the year. Early morning of that last night before the sunlight, it's an exciting time because everybody knows the sacrifice, if you will, is complete. The songs were sung, the dances were danced, the words were spoken, the prayers were offered. It's really a beautiful, strong spiritual experience.

As an example of the spiritual content of the dance, he described the Sneak Up, a dance that probably originated in Oklahoma. Accompanied by a drum beat, sometimes fast and sometimes slow, the dancers would imitate warriors. In the middle of their circle would be a prone warrior whom they would try to rescue.

"Then they lift this man up. They retrieve the wounded warrior from the battlefield; then, when they pick him up, that's when everybody goes crazy. I mean, in a good sense, because they see what they've done. The first time we did it, this friend of mine from the Nez Perce reservation-he was wounded in Vietnam, and he was a prisoner of war-he relived that situation where he was wounded and relived that experience of being a prisoner of war, but also he relived the belief that as a Nez Perce warrior his strength as an individual within his tribe and as a veteran and as a warrior veteran was very significant."

This dance was meaningful to Brown Eagle and other participants because they too were veterans, and their sense of brotherhood added to the meaning of the ceremony. "In other words, you get energized, you call upon your spirits, you call upon your brothers who are dancing with you, you call on the significance of a song and how it lifts you up. How would you say in the white man's terms a pep rally! But probably more so because there was more of a spiritual base in it. So it was a good feeling, and it still is, to connect, and I believe a lot of dancers still have that. They have that excitement of going out there to dance. I mean, it's really a rush."

In presenting native culture for the general public through a series of dances, there was always the danger that persons seeing the performance would think they had learned all there was to know about the dance. He compared the situation to someone following a Catholic priest for a couple of days, and then putting on a robe and claiming he was ready to conduct a service. Brown Eagle could anticipate a point when his descendants, if not properly taught, would look at an Indian dance and say, "What's the big deal?" So, he added, "we need to understand the big deal within ourselves first and foremost. And if we lose sight of the big deal, then everybody else including our great-grandchildren and our grandchildren, they'll say, 'Well, there's no big deal about being Indian.''' 

Brown Eagle, and many other Indians at Expo '74, were encouraged by the fact that Native American's Earth was their festival. They were calling attention to their presence in the modem world. In that way, it reflected the spirit of the American Indian Movement. "All of a sudden the status quo was changing. 'Hey, I ain't sitting in the back of the bus any more. Hey wait now, either stop the bus or put me in front or let me drive.'''

Brown Eagle, and many other Indians at Expo '74, were encouraged by the fact that Native American's Earth was their festival. They were calling attention to their presence in the modem world. In that way, it reflected the spirit of the American Indian Movement.

"All of a sudden the status quo was changing. 'Hey, I ain't sitting in the back of the bus any more. Hey wait now, either stop the bus or put me in front or let me drive.''' It was an important lesson. "How many people here in Spokane," he said, "don't even realize there's a Spokane Tribe, don't even realize there's a Spokane Indian Reservation within a forty-minute drive from here, don't even realize there are even Spokane Indians other than the baseball team?" Native American's Earth provided a vehicle for educating fair visitors to Indian cultures. No longer was the Indian "out of sight, out of mind." The Indian participation at Expo was a way of saying, "Hey, we're alive and well."

For the most part, the Native American presence at Expo '74 was as hospitable as any other aspect of the fair. David Brown Eagle recalled the Spokanes performing the Round Dance and the Owl Dance, "social dances" where the audience was invited to take part. He described his own method for encouraging participation. "If you're out there in the audience gawking and then somebody says, 'Come on up and join us,' you know, one of two things will happen. One, you'll get afraid and become less of a gawker. And then you get the ones that are excited and want to be part of it and experience it, and they're the risk takers; they're going to jump up and take part. And those that are willing to take part are going to experience part of that hospitality and that good feeling. And so when they leave, they're gonna think 'Wow, Spokane Indians are nice people.'"

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Indian Pow Wows in Spokane: Past and Present (2) - The Nez Perce War

8/26/2013

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In the Shadow of the Nez Perce War
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Photo by BY

During the past weekend Spokane hosted the "Northwest Indian Encampment. Market and Pow Wow." The event was a reminder of other moments  in the early history of Spokane. In a previous post I described the way that whites and Indians took turns dancing at celebrations such as Independence Day. The story below describes a moment when relations were more tense in Spokane, during the Nez Perce War of 1877, when the Spokane was only three years old. Then as now, Indians were drumming near Spokane Falls, but were they planning to attack the tiny village? Read on!

"IN THE SHADOW OF THE NEZ PERCE WAR " (1877)

(from The Fair and the Falls, Chapter Two, “Waiting for the Indians”)
 
One serious exception to the atmosphere of mutual trust in Spokane Falls came during the Nez Perce War in 1877, the last Indian war in the Northwest. News of the uprising was carried to Spokane by Indians, "who kept runners going back and forth over the country and to and from the battlefields." For a time it looked like the Nez Perce, who were being pursued by the United States Army, might pass through the Spokane region. Instead-to [Spokanes founder James] Glover's great relief-they turned east and crossed the Rockies. But a party of Nez Perce came to Spokane Falls and camped close to Glover's store. "They had a skin stretched over a hoop, and they would hold this over the fire and then beat on it in time with their dancing, at the same time yelling in a kind of singsong, although it was not a war cry." For two weeks they sang every night until dawn, when the fire died and they fell asleep.  

By now every white nerve in the settlement must have been frayed. Indian relations had been so good that the whites were not heavily armed. Glover says, "We had no firearms, and during the time I have been here, I have never had anything of the sort except a double-barreled shotgun, which I always loaned to the Indians when they wanted to hunt with it." Growing nervous, Glover took to sitting up all night on the stoop of his store watching "the red devils" around the campfire. The other Spokanites, equally concerned, had taken to sleeping together in his house.

One night at three, Glover sensed that the Indians were about to attack. The fire had burned low, and there was no noise from the encampment. Glover sent a friend, Ed Bradbury, to tell the lodgers in his house to be ready for the worst. Some began weeping, others prayed.

In the distance Glover saw a figure on horseback drawing near. As he was preparing to defend his store, he discovered that the rider was a white man, followed by other homesteaders on foot and in wagons. They were settlers from neighboring homesteads. Fearing the Indians, they had gathered a few household belongings and had come to Spokane Falls for protection. 

The next morning, Glover and others built a raft to ferry the refugees to Havermale Island, in the middle of the river, where they built fortifications. A number of Spokane Indians, most of whom must have been as nervous about the situation as the whites, were ferried over to help with the defenses. Glover was now determined to do something to break the stalemate: 

I had made up my mind to stand my ground, but after two nights of sitting up, I had determined on the course that I would pursue-call a few of the old Indians into my store and have a heart-to-heart talk with them as I had often done before. Many times the old fellows had told me of the Wright campaign, and the tears would run down their cheeks like rain. 

I called them in and closed the door. I asked them if they remembered the time when they were a happy and prosperous people. They said they did. I asked them if they remembered when Colonel Wright came and destroyed their wealth and made them a poor people. They said they did. 

I then asked them if they knew what this squad of Nez Perce Indians were here for, dancing the war dance night after night. They said they did. 

"My friends, [Glover said] I know where Uncle Sam's soldiers are. They are very near here, and I can call them here at any hour. Do you want to have the last remnants of your people wiped from the face of the earth? If you do not, see that these Indians leave here and leave here for good before noon." 

They promised me, went directly to the camp, and before noon there was not a sign of an Indian to be seen there.  

In James Glover's Spokane, the Indians might live nearby, or share a dance floor, or even borrow a shotgun, but Glover left no doubt as to who was in charge at the falls. 

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Indian Pow Wows in Spokane: Past and Present (1) - Two Cultures, One Dance Floor

8/25/2013

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Photo by BY, 2013
One of the great pleasures of being an historian is to journey into those moments where present and past merge. This evening I was in one of those magical places as I attended the Spokane Falls Northwest Indian Encampment & Pow Wow in Riverfront Park. My brother and I sat on a hillside that sloped down to the dance floor of grass. Around us were Native Americans, many in families, along with other spectators. The photo above shows Indians doing the traditional “Chicken Dance.”

I especially enjoyed hearing the drummers. There were easily a half dozen groups of Indians gathered around large drums, beating them in unison, and singing. In many cases, as in the picture below, several generations beat on one drum.

Picture
Photo by BY, 2013

This was in modern-day Spokane with its buildings in the background just across the river. But in my mind I travelled back to 1875 and 1876 to other Indian dances that had taken place, just a hundred or so yards away. In this passage I describe the mingling of whites and Indians in early Spokane, and the dance floor they shared during festivals.

THE INDIANS AND THE VILLAGE

(from The Fair and the Falls, Chapter Two, “Waiting for the Indians”)

There were really two Spokanes during the 1870s: the tiny community of a few whites with their dreams of becoming a real town, even a real city, and the traditional Spokane Falls of the Indians, where some natives still lived and many others visited, especially when the salmon were running. For the first four years of James Glover's settlement, Indians remained his primary customers, trading furs for his goods. Regional news was often carried to town by Indians, and in an emergency-as when a doctor had to be summoned from far away - an Indian would likely carry the message. In autumn the Indians would come in "from miles around" to fish. The salmon were so abundant in the river that "on the bottom the rocks would not be visible." After the fish were brought in, women were consigned to cleaning and drying them while the men would play cards and race their horses. The race course ran through the center of Spokane along a track that came to be known as Riverside Avenue, where teenagers would later cruise their cars on Friday nights. (45)

The affinity of whites and Indians in early Spokane was apparent in the pioneer career of Henry T. Cowley, who became one of the city's leading citizens. He arrived in Spokane in June, 1874, with several young Nez Perce, who accompanied him "as helpers and guides." On the way into town they "halted for a few moments on the bluff south of the falls, to admire the indescribable quiet and beauty of the groves of pine which interspersed to the dreamy murmur of the cataract. Descending, they pitched their camp opposite the upper rapids and laved their dust-begrimed faces in the limpid river.” (46) Cowley then went on to visit Glover's "embryo hamlet," which consisted then of a mill, a store, several simple houses, and "a few lumbermen's rude shanties." (47) Despite the humble circumstances of the village, Cowley was optimistic about the future: "Here," he wrote, "seemed to be the setting of the elements of an ideal city-even a corner of Paradise." (48) Soon after arriving in Spokane, Cowley went to work establishing a school for the Indians. The natives were eager for training:

The young men carried the lumber on their backs all the way from the sawmill down on the river bank, and the building was not completed until March. A stove was brought from Walla Walla. When it was completed, old and young gathered in and filled the place to its capacity .... I never saw a people so eager to learn the ways of civilization. I first taught them letters and figures. I had a blackboard and some crayons and drew pictures of animals and familiar articles. Point[ing] to one of these, I would get the Indian word for it and write it down, and then the corresponding English word. Considering the difficulties we had to contend with, they made very rapid progress. They wanted to start lessons at daylight and keep up the instruction until dark. (49) 


"The white people would dance in the afternoon and evening until a late hour, while the Indians peeped through the evergreen and watched them. Then when we quit, they would take possession of the floor, and go through their performances until morning." 

Pioneer celebrations provide another window on Indian-white relations in early Spokane. At a Fourth of July gathering after Glover's arrival, homesteaders came to Spokane Falls from miles around, bringing their own bedding and camping beside the falls for "the three or four days the celebration lasted." From materials at the store, they made an American flag, "the first that ever floated in Spokane." They put up a pine floor in front of the store for dancing. James Glover recalled, "The white people would dance in the afternoon and evening until a late hour, while the Indians peeped through the evergreen and watched them. Then when we quit, they would take possession of the floor, and go through their performances until morning." (50) David Masterson, whose family moved to Spokane Falls in 1875, recalled a Fourth of July celebration that year:

Father drove all of us to the falls by team and wagon over the old Indian trail on the north side of the river to attend the celebration. We crossed the Spokane River in a log dugout canoe paddled by an Indian. People drove in with covered wagons to attend this celebration from distances of 50 to 75 miles. There was a big crowd-all of fifty white people. A long table was erected in the bunch grass under the pine trees at what is now known as the corner of Howard and Trent streets. This table was piled full of good things to eat, and when the white people were through, a potlatch was declared for the Indians, who were invited in to eat what was left. They surely licked it up, for they outnumbered the white people, two to one. (51)

A miner, Peter Lefevre, recalled Spokane's Fourth of July celebration in the centennial year, 1876: "We had people come from Colfax, Spangle, Hangman Creek, and from a radius of 75 to 100 miles. We had a parade of about a dozen people and enough dancers to form two sets of square dancers." That year, "Babe" Downing, whose parents had sold Glover their claim on Spokane Falls, was "the only unmarried young lady available as a partner for bachelors to dance with." The Indians contributed to the celebration of the country's one-hundredth birthday by performing a war dance. (52)

For the whites such celebrations had a utilitarian purpose as well as providing entertainment. Henry Cowley noted that the 1876 Fourth of July gathering helped promote Spokane and its environs. Participants, he said, came from "all the region between the Snake River and the British line [Canada]. The gathering was an inspiration to all eastern Washington, as it revealed to the participants the larger number and superior character of the pioneers than had been looked for. The celebration was a most happy success, and all returned more contentedly and hopefully to their scattered homes." (53)

The Indians had less to be hopeful about as the number of whites increased in their midst and they were relegated to a separate status. This segregation was apparent when Indians followed whites on the dance floor, and when whites ate first during a community feast. And yet in many ways Indians did mingle freely with whites during those early years of the settlement. Within the limits imposed by cultural differences and white prejudice, the lives of the two peoples often came together.

(In my next post, I will describe another time of Indian drumming near Spokane, an ominous moment in 1877 during the Nez Perce War.)

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       Some years ago, while writing a biography of Eleanor Roosevelt I jotted this note in my journal: "I want to tell the stories of American History as though I were among friends, sitting beside a fire." In this web site and blog I aim to tell some of those stories in words, images, films -- and with other media marvels.

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