American Realities with Bill Youngs
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    • Gods Messengers: Religious Leadership in Colonial New England, 1700-1750 >
      • Table of Contents
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      • Chapter 1: The Ministers and Their Times
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        • The Native Americans
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        • Divided Loyalties
        • The American Revolution
        • Testing the Constitution
        • Republican Nationalism
        • The Limits of Jacksonian Democracy
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          • Two Soldiers
      • Volume Two >
        • The “Taming” of the West
        • Beyond Emancipation
        • The New Industrial Era
        • The Birth of Environmentalism
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        • Expanding American Democracy
        • World War I
        • Modernity versus Tradition
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        • America, the Cold War, and Beyond
      • Additional Essays >
        • Norsemen in the New World
    • The Fair and the Falls >
      • Part I: Possessing the Falls >
        • Chapter One: James Glover: Purchasing the Falls
        • Chapter Two: Waiting for the Indians
        • Chapter Three: Harnessing the Falls
        • Chapter Four: "The World's Fair of the Northwest"
        • Chapter Five: The City Beside the Falls
      • Part II: Rediscovering the Falls >
        • Chapter Six: The Twilight of Old Spokane
        • Chapter Seven: Urban Blight and Urban Renewal
        • Chapter Eight: King Cole and The Heart of a City
        • Chapter Nine: Visualizing a World's Fair
      • Part III Redesigning the Falls >
        • Chapter Ten: From Spokane to Paris >
          • Tom Foley's Turn
        • Chapter Eleven: Wooing the Foreign Exhibitors
        • Chapter Twelve: Wooing the Domestic Exhibitors
        • Chapter Thirteen: The Environmental Debate
        • Chapter Fourteen: Building the Fair
        • Chapter Fifteen: Marketing, Money, and Management
      • Part IV: The Fair by the Falls >
        • Chapter Sixteen: Opening Day
        • Chapter Seventeen: A Mingling of Peoples
        • Chapter Eighteen: Days at the Fair
        • Chapter Nineteen: The Press of New Ideas
        • Chapter Twenty: The Final Tally
      • Part V: An American Environment >
        • Chapter Twenty-One: Spokane Falls, An American Environment
      • The Fair and the Falls Map
         Divided Loyalties: Jonathan Boucher and the Pre-revolutionary Crisis

Overview: During the turbulent years preceding American independence, many Americans opposed the Revolutionary movement. Some were attached to Britain by political, cultural, economic, and religious ties; others feared that independence would produce chaos or oppression. By presenting a picture of one of the most articulate Loyalists, Jonathan Boucher, this essay encourages us to consider both sides of the Revolution.  We begin with Boucher’s early life in England, follow his career as a minister in Virginia and Maryland, and study his growing hostility to the American Revolution -- to the point where he and his wife are forced into exile. We then explore more deeply the reasons that led to his becoming a loyalist.

1. Tories and Patriots: George Washington, Continental Congress, Alexandria, Tories, Loyalists, John Adams, patriots, colonial elite, Church of England, royal governor.

2. Jonathan Boucher life from England to British North America: Scotland, Rebellion of 1745, Blencogo, John James, Rappahannock River, Chesapeake Bay, Port Royal,  minister of Hanover, Saint Mary's Parish, Presbyterian, Baptist, orthodox, rival preachers, Anglicanism, John Parke ("Jackie") Custis, Mount Vernon.

3. Imperial Conflicts and Boucher’s Exile: Stamp Act, Parliament, Kamchatka, Thomas Hutchinson, consideration for slaves, Saint Anne's Parish, The Homony Club, Eleanor Addison, Nelly,  Stamp Act crisis, Anglican bishops, bishoprics, salaries to Anglican clergymen, Robert Eden, fight with a blacksmith, General Gage, Provincial Committee, fast day, Sprigg, Lexington, Concord, Bunker Hill.

4. Why Boucher became an Exile: "shipwreck of my conscience,"   James Boucher, "a state of penury and hardship," Mrs. Tomlinson, polite society, libertarian philosophy, John Locke, individual liberty, John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon, Christianization of the slaves, "perturbed spirits," "obedience for conscience," desire to be associated with an elite.  

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